Rule parser

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment of the present invention, a rule compiler can compress a plurality of rules to be parsed over a block of data into one state table tree structure. In one embodiment of the present invention, rue parsing over the block of data includes selecting a unit of the block of data, indexing into a state table of the state table tree using the selected unit. The state table indexed into can be used for determining whether a decision regarding the block of data can be reached based on the indexed entry, and for selecting a next state table indicated by the indexed entry if the decision regarding the block of data cannot be reached.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation (and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120) of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/864,153 filed on Jun. 8, 2004, entitled “RULE PARSER”, which is related to, incorporates by reference, and claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/528,642, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DYNAMIC RULE PARSER AND CAPTURE SYSTEM,”, filed Dec. 10, 2003. The disclosures of each of the prior Applications identified above are considered part of and are incorporated by reference in the disclosure of this Application in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to computer technology, and in particular, to a rule parser.

BACKGROUND

Computer networks and systems have become indispensable tools for modern business. Modern enterprises use such networks for communications and for storage. The information and data stored on the network of a business enterprise is often a highly valuable asset. Modern enterprises use numerous tools to keep outsiders, intruders, and unauthorized personnel from accessing valuable information stored on the network. These tools include firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and packet sniffer devices. However, once an intruder has gained access to sensitive content, there is no network device that can prevent the electronic transmission of the content from the network to outside the network. Similarly, there is no network device that can analyse the data leaving the network to monitor for policy violations, and make it possible to track down information leeks. What is needed is a comprehensive system to capture, store, and analyse all data communicated using the enterprises network.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment of the present invention, a rule compiler can compress a plurality of rules to be parsed over a block of data into one state table tree structure. In one embodiment of the present invention, rue parsing over the block of data includes selecting a unit of the block of data, indexing into a state table of the state table tree using the selected unit. The state table indexed into can be used for determining whether a decision regarding the block of data can be reached based on the indexed entry, and for selecting a next state table indicated by the indexed entry if the decision regarding the block of data cannot be reached.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computer network connected to the Internet;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of a capture system according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the capture system according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an object assembly module according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an object store module according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example hardware architecture for a capture system according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a rule compiler and a capture filter according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of tags being parsed using rules according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates a simplified example of rule compiling according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example state table entry according to one embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating a rule parsing method according to one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Although the present system will be discussed with reference to various illustrated examples, these examples should not be read to limit the broader spirit and scope of the present invention. Some portions of the detailed description that follows are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the computer science arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared and otherwise manipulated.

It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers or the like. It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise, it will be appreciated that throughout the description of the present invention, use of terms such as “processing”, “computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.

As indicated above, one embodiment of the present invention is instantiated in computer software, that is, computer readable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors/systems, instruct the processors/systems to perform the designated actions. Such computer software may be resident in one or more computer readable media, such as hard drives, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, read-only memory, read-write memory and so on. Such software may be distributed on one or more of these media, or may be made available for download across one or more computer networks (e.g., the Internet). Regardless of the format, the computer programming, rendering and processing techniques discussed herein are simply examples of the types of programming, rendering and processing techniques that may be used to implement aspects of the present invention. These examples should in no way limit the present invention, which is best understood with reference to the claims that follow this description.

Networks

FIG. 1 illustrates a simple prior art configuration of a local area network (LAN) 10 connected to the Internet 12. Connected to the LAN 102 are various components, such as servers 14, clients 16, and switch 18. There are numerous other known networking components and computing devices that can be connected to the LAN 10. The LAN 10 can be implemented using various wireline or wireless technologies, such as Ethernet and 802.11b. The LAN 10 may be much more complex than the simplified diagram in FIG. 1, and may be connected to other LANs as well.

In FIG. 1, the LAN 10 is connected to the Internet 12 via a router 20. This router 20 can be used to implement a firewall, which are widely used to give users of the LAN 10 secure access to the Internet 12 as well as to separate a company's public Web server (can be one of the servers 14) from its internal network, i.e., LAN 10. In one embodiment, any data leaving the LAN 10 towards the Internet 12 must pass through the router 12. However, there the router 20 merely forwards packets to the Internet 12. The router 20 cannot capture, analyse, and searchably store the content contained in the forwarded packets.

One embodiment of the present invention is now illustrated with reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows the same simplified configuration of connecting the LAN 10 to the Internet 12 via the router 20. However, in FIG. 2, the router 20 is also connected to a capture system 22. In one embodiment, the router 12 splits the outgoing data stream, and forwards one copy to the Internet 12 and the other copy to the capture system 22.

There are various other possible configurations. For example, the router 12 can also forward a copy of all incoming data to the capture system 22 as well. Furthermore, the capture system 22 can be configured sequentially in front of, or behind the router 20, however this makes the capture system 22 a critical component in connecting to the Internet 12. In systems where a router 12 is not used at all, the capture system can be interposed directly between the LAN 10 and the Internet 12. In one embodiment, the capture system 22 has a user interface accessible from a LAN-attached device, such as a client 16.

In one embodiment, the capture system 22 intercepts all data leaving the network. In other embodiments, the capture system can also intercept all data being communicated inside the network 10. In one embodiment, the capture system 22 reconstructs the documents leaving the network 10, and stores them in a searchable fashion. The capture system 22 can then be used to search and sort through all documents that have left the network 10. There are many reasons such documents may be of interest, including network security reasons, intellectual property concerns, corporate governance regulations, and other corporate policy concerns.

Capture System

One embodiment of the present invention is now described with reference to FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of the capture system 22 in more detail. The capture system 22 includes a network interface module 24 to receive the data from the network 10 or the router 20. In one embodiment, the network interface module 24 is implemented using one or more network interface cards (NIC), e.g., Ethernet cards. In one embodiment, the router 20 delivers all data leaving the network to the network interface module 24.

The captured raw data is then passed to a packet capture module 26. In one embodiment, the packet capture module 26 extracts data packets from the data stream received from the network interface module 24. In one embodiment, the packet capture module 26 reconstructs Ethernet packets from multiple sources to multiple destinations for the raw data stream.

In one embodiment, the packets are then provided the object assembly module 28. The object assembly module 28 reconstructs the objects being transmitted by the packets. For example, when a document is transmitted, e.g. as an email attachment, it is broken down into packets according to various data transfer protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and Ethernet. The object assembly module 28 can reconstruct the document from the captured packets.

One embodiment of the object assembly module 28 is now described in more detail with reference to FIG. 4. When packets first enter the object assembly module, they are first provided to a reassembler 36. In one embodiment, the reassembler 36 groups—assembles—the packets into unique flows. For example, a flow can be defined as packets with identical Source IP and Destination IP addresses as well as identical TCP Source and Destination Ports. That is, the reassembler 36 can organize a packet stream by sender and recipient.

In one embodiment, the reassembler 36 begins a new flow upon the observation of a starting packet defined by the data transfer protocol. For a TCP/IP embodiment, the starting packet is generally referred to as the “SYN” packet. The flow can terminate upon observation of a finishing packet, e.g., a “Reset” or “FIN” packet in TCP/IP. If now finishing packet is observed by the reassembler 36 within some time constraint, it can terminate the flow via a timeout mechanism. In an embodiment using the TPC protocol, a TCP flow contains an ordered sequence of packets that can be assembled into a contiguous data stream by the ressembler 36. Thus, in one embodiment, a flow is an ordered data stream of a single communication between a source and a destination.

The flown assembled by the reassember 36 can then be provided to a protocol demultiplexer (demux) 38. In one embodiment, the protocol demux 38 sorts assembled flows using the TCP Ports. This can include performing a speculative classification of the flow contents based on the association of well-known port numbers with specified protocols. For example, Web Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) packets—i.e., Web traffic—are typically associated with port 80, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) packets with port 20, Kerberos authentication packets with port 88, and so on. Thus in one embodiment, the protocol demux 38 separates all the different protocols in one flow.

In one embodiment, a protocol classifier 40 also sorts the flows in addition to the protocol demux 38. In one embodiment, the protocol classifier 40—operating either in parallel or in sequence with the protocol demux 38—applies signature filters to the flows to attempt to identify the protocol based solely on the transported data. Furthermore, the protocol demux 38 can make a classification decision based on port number which is subsequently overridden by protocol classifier 40. For example, if an individual or program attempted to masquerade an illicit communication (such as file sharing) using an apparently benign port such as port 80 (commonly used for HTTP Web browsing), the protocol classifier 40 would use protocol signatures, i.e., the characteristic data sequences of defined protocols, to verify the speculative classification performed by protocol demux 38.

In one embodiment, the object assembly module 28 outputs each flow organized by protocol, which represent the underlying objects. Referring again to FIG. 3, these objects can then be handed over to the object classification module 30 (sometimes also referred to as the “content classifier”) for classification based on content. A classified flow may still contain multiple content objects depending on the protocol used. For example, protocols such as HTTP (Internet Web Surfing) may contain over 100 objects of any number of content types in a single flow. To deconstruct the flow, each object contained in the flow is individually extracted, and decoded, if necessary, by the object classification module 30.

The object classification module 30 uses the inherent properties and signatures of various documents to determine the content type of each object. For example, a Word document has a signature that is distinct from a PowerPoint document, or an Email document. The object classification module 30 can extract out each individual object and sort them out by such content types. Such classification renders the present invention immune from cases where a malicious user has altered a file extension or other property in an attempt to avoid detection of illicit activity.

In one embodiment, the object classification module 30 determines whether each object should be stored or discarded. In one embodiment, this determination is based on a various capture rules. For example, a capture rule can indicate that Web Traffic should be discarded. Another capture rule can indicate that all PowerPoint documents should be stored, except for ones originating from the CEO's IP address. Such capture rules can be implemented as regular expressions, or by other similar means.

In one embodiment, the capture rules are authored by users of the capture system 22. The capture system 22 is made accessible to any network-connected machine through the network interface module 24 and user interface 34. In one embodiment, the user interface 34 is a graphical user interface providing the user with friendly access to the various features of the capture system 22. For example, the user interface 34 can provide a capture rule authoring tool that allows users to write and implement any capture rule desired, which are then applied by the object classification module 30 when determining whether each object should be stored. The user interface 34 can also provide pre-configured capture rules that the user can select from along with an explanation of the operation of such standard included capture rules. In one embodiment, the default capture rule implemented by the object classification module 30 captures all objects leaving the network 10.

If the capture of an object is mandated by the capture rules, the object classification module 30 can also determine where in the object store module 32 the captured object should be stored. With reference to FIG. 5, in one embodiment, the objects are stored in a content store 44 memory block. Within the content store 44 are files 46 divided up by content type. Thus, for example, if the object classification module determines that an object is a Word document that should be stored, it can store it in the file 46 reserved for Word documents. In one embodiment, the object store module 32 is integrally included in the capture system 22. In other embodiments, the object store module can be external—entirely or in part—using, for example, some network storage technique such as network attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN).

Tag Data Structure

In one embodiment, the content store is a canonical storage location, simply a place to deposit the captured objects. The indexing of the objects stored in the content store 44 is accomplished using a tag database 42. In one embodiment, the tag database 42 is a database data structure in which each record is a “tag” that indexes an object in the content store 44 and contains relevant information about the stored object. An example of a tag record in the tag database 42 that indexes an object stored in the content store 44 is set forth in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Field Name Definition MAC Address Ethernet controller MAC address unique to each capture system Source IP Source Ethernet IP Address of object Destination IP Destination Ethernet IP Address of object Source Port Source TCP/IP Port number of object Destination Port Destination TCP/IP Port number of the object Protocol IP Protocol that carried the object Instance Canonical count identifying object within a protocol capable of carrying multiple data within a single TCP/ IP connection Content Content type of the object Encoding Encoding used by the protocol carrying object Size Size of object Timestamp Time that the object was captured Owner User requesting the capture of object (rule author) Configuration Capture rule directing the capture of object Signature Hash signature of object Tag Signature Hash signature of all preceding tag fields

There are various other possible tag fields, and some embodiments can omit numerous tag fields listed in Table 1. In other embodiments, the tag database 42 need not be implemented as a database, and a tag need not be a record. Any data structure capable of indexing an object by storing relational data over the object can be used as a tag data structure. Furthermore, the word “tag” is merely descriptive, other names such as “index” or “relational data store,” would be equally descriptive, as would any other designation performing similar functionality.

The mapping of tags to objects can, in one embodiment, be obtained by using unique combinations of tag fields to construct an object's name. For example, one such possible combination is an ordered list of the Source IP, Destination IP, Source Port, Destination Port, Instance and Timestamp. Many other such combinations including both shorter and longer names are possible. In another embodiment, the tag can contain a pointer to the storage location where the indexed object is stored.

The tag fields shown in Table 1 can be expressed more generally, to emphasize the underlying information indicated by the tag fields in various embodiments. Some of these possible generic tag fields are set forth in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Field Name Definition Device Identity Identifier of capture device Source Address Origination Address of object Destination Address Destination Address of object Source Port Origination Port of object Destination Port Destination Port of the object Protocol Protocol that carried the object Instance Canonical count identifying object within a protocol capable of carrying multiple data within a single connection Content Content type of the object Encoding Encoding used by the protocol carrying object Size Size of object Timestamp Time that the object was captured Owner User requesting the capture of object (rule author) Configuration Capture rule directing the capture of object Signature Signature of object Tag Signature Signature of all preceding tag fields

For many of the above tag fields in Tables 1 and 2, the definition adequately describes the relational data contained by each field. For the content field, the types of content that the object can be labelled as are numerous. Some example choices for content types (as determined, in one embodiment, by the object classification module 30) are JPEG, GIF, BMP, TIFF, PNG (for objects containing images in these various formats); Skintone (for objects containing images exposing human skin); PDF, MSWord, Excel, PowerPoint, MSOffice (for objects in these popular application formats); HTML, WebMail, SMTP, FTP (for objects captured in these transmission formats); Telnet, Rlogin, Chat (for communication conducted using these methods); GZIP, ZIP, TAR (for archives or collections of other objects); C++ Source, C Source, FORTRAN Source, Verilog Source (for source or design code authored in these high-level programming languages); C Shell, K Shell, Bash Shell (for shell program scripts); Plaintext (for otherwise unclassified textual objects); Crypto (for objects that have been encrypted or that contain cryptographic elements); Binary Unknown, ASCII Unknown, and Unknown (as catchall categories).

The signature contained in the Signature and Tag Signature fields can be any digest or hash over the object, or some portion thereof. In one embodiment, a well known hash, such as MD5 or SHA1 can be used. In one embodiment, the signature is a digital cryptographic signature. In one embodiment, a digital cryptographic signature is a hash signature that is signed with the private key of the capture system 22. Only the capture system 22 knows its own private key, thus, the integrity of the stored object can be verified by comparing a hash of the stored object to the signature decrypted with the public key of the capture system 22, the private and public keys being a public key cryptosystem key pair. Thus, if a stored object is modified from when it was originally captured, the modification will cause the comparison to fail.

Similarly, the signature over the tag stored in the Tag Signature field can also be a digital cryptographic signature. In such an embodiment, the integrity of the tag can also be verified. In one embodiment, verification of the object using the signature, and the tag using the tag signature is performed whenever an object is presented, e.g., displayed to a user. In one embodiment, if the object or the tag is found to have been compromised, an alarm is generated to alert the user that the object displayed may not be identical to the object originally captured.

Rule Parser

As described above, in one embodiment, the object classification module 30 determines whether each captured object/document should be stored. In one embodiment, this determination is based on capture rules provided by a user (or pre-configured into the system). In one embodiment, the capture rules can specify which captured objects should be stored based on the information collected in the tag associated with the object, such as content type, source IP, and so on. Thus, in one embodiment, the capture system 22 includes—e.g., in the object classification module 30, or as an independent module—a capture filter 60 configured to make a determination about what to do with each captured object.

One embodiment of the capture filter 60 is now described with reference to FIG. 7. In one embodiment, the capture filter 60 receives as input a tag—e.g., such as a tag described with reference to Tables 1 and 2—associated with a captured object. The tag is provided to a rule parser 62 that parses all the capture rules over the tag to see if it satisfies any of the capture rules.

The rule parser 62 provides the capture filter 60 with a decision based on which, if any, rules applied to the tag. The decision can be any decision supported by the system 22, such as store the object, discard the object, log the object, and so on. The capture filter 60 then directs further processing of the captured object and its tag based on the decision. For example, if a capture rule indicating that an object should be stored is hit by the tag, then the capture filter 60 will cause the object and its tag to be stored in the object store module 32

FIG. 8 provides a simplified illustration of the operation of the rule parser 62. The rule parser 63 applies rules 70 to tags 68 associated with objects. For example, given the rules 70 in FIG. 8, the object described by tag 68(a) from Bob will be kept because it hits Rule 1, the object described by tag 68(b) from Bill will be kept because it hits Rule 2, and the object described by tag 68(c) from Bob will be kept or dropped depending on which rule has precedence. If either Rule 1 or 2 has precedence over Rule 3, then the object will be kept, otherwise, it will be dropped. The illustration in FIG. 8 demonstrates, that in one embodiment, rules have a precedence order, and rules are not orthogonal, i.e., one tag can hit more than one rule.

Referring again to FIG. 7, in one embodiment the rule parser 62 parses all capture rules by traversing a state table tree one time. In one embodiment, the state table tree is generated by a rule compiler 64 that compiles the capture rules authored by the system users into the state table tree. In one embodiment, the state table tree is a data structure in the form of a tree whose nodes are state tables indicating the state of the parsing. Other appropriate data structures may be used.

A simplified illustration of how the rule compiler 64 can translate a rule into a state table chain and compress a plurality of rules into a state table tree is now provided with reference to FIG. 9. The tag 68 shown on FIG. 9 is a six-digit number, with digits ranging from 0-9. There are three rules defined by a pattern that is hit if the tag satisfies the pattern. While simplified, this approach is directly analogous for finding patterns in the tag fields of the capture system 22, or to any similar pattern matching scheme.

Rule 1 is hit if the first three (from left to right) digits of the tag 68 are 123. Similarly, Rule 2 is hit if the second digit is 4, the third digit is between 5-9, and the fifth digit is 7. Each rule is expressed as a chain of state tables 72, referred to as a state table chain 74. The state tables are used by reading digits from left to right from the tag, and using the digits to index into the state tables. In one real world embodiment, the tag is read on a per byte basis, making each state table have 256 rows, each having an 8-bit index.

In the example in FIG. 9, following the state table chain for each rule will always result in either a HIT or MISS determination for any possible tag. The entries of the state tables either indicate a DONE condition that show whether the rule was hit or missed by the tag 68, or they indicate the next table to be used. An entry can also indicate whether the reading of the digits should skip ahead (or backwards) when indexing into the next table.

In one embodiment, the rule compiler 64 generates the state table tree 76 by compressing a plurality of state table chains 74, as illustrated in FIG. 9. Traversing the state table tree 76 in FIG. 9 parses the tag 68 for all three rules simultaneously. The demonstration in FIG. 9 is highly simplified. A real world tag may be much larger than the example tag 68. For example, a tag as shown in Table 1 will generally be between 64 and 264 bytes in size. Parsing such a tag on a per-byte basis would involve much larger state tables, longer state table chains, and a more complicated state table tree. However, the underlying concepts would be similar to those described with reference to FIG. 9.

Since the state table tree 76 shown in FIG. 9 is a simplified example, it can easily be collapsed into a single-branched tree. However, the state table tree may have more than one branch. In one embodiment, each branch is at most as long as the longest state table chain used to construct the tree. Since tree traversal speed is determined by branch length, such a tree can still traverse all rules within a predictable and fast time. How compressed the state table tree of a real world embodiment is depends on a tradeoff between memory available to store the tree, and speed required to edit the tree (e.g., when the user authors new rules and/or deletes old rules). The tradeoff is that the more compressed the state table tree is the less memory it uses, but the more time it takes to edit.

In one embodiment, rules can be inserted, deleted, or edited at any time. This can be done by de-compiling the state table tree (or relevant portions of the state table tree), making the appropriate changes, and re-compiling the tree. For example, in one embodiment, if Rule 2 in FIG. 9 where to be edited, the state table chain 74 for Rule 2 is extracted out of the tree 76 and edited, and then the tree 76 is re-compiled.

Certain rules can be edited, inserted, or deleted without affecting the tree 76 to an extent to require de- and re-compiling. On the state table tree 76 shown in FIG. 9, state table 4:4 is a “leaf node,” a node on the tree having no children. In a more complex real-world state table tree there may be many leaf nodes. Since leaf nodes have no children (i.e., do not effect further processing), if a new, edited, or deleted rule only affects a leaf nodes, then the edit can be implemented without de-compiling and re-compiling any parts of the tree. This results in a highly efficient method of inserting, deleting, and editing some rules.

One embodiment of an entry 78 for a state table 72 is now described with reference to FIG. 10. In one embodiment, the entry includes an index field 80. The index 80 is the value used to index into the state table 72. For example, if the tag were read byte by byte (8 bits), then the index 80 would be 8 bits long, ranging in decimal value from 0 to 255 (00000000 to 11111111 in binary).

In one embodiment, the entry 78 also includes a status indicator 82. The status indicator 82 provides information about the status of the rule matching. In one embodiment, there are three possible statuses being indicated: HIT, MISS, and NOT DONE. A HIT status indicates that a rule has been hit and the parsing is finished. A MISS status indicates that the tag cannot possibly hit any rules included in the state table tree, and the parsing is finished. A NOT DONE status indicates that no determination about HIT or MISS conditions can be made at the present time.

In one embodiment, the entry 78 includes a rule match indicator 84 that is accessed if the status indicator 82 shown a HIT condition. In one embodiment, the rule match indicator 84 identifies the rule that is hit (e.g., rule 3). In one embodiment, the rule is not identified by name, and the rule match indicator 84 contains the next point of program execution, which is determined by the rule hit.

Similarly, a MISS condition indicated by the status indicator 82 results in the accessing of the exit location indicator 86. In one embodiment, the exit location indicator 86 contains the next point of program execution, which is configured to take into account that none of the rules were hit. In another embodiment, program execution may continue from a single place after flags indicating the results of the parsing have been set.

In one embodiment, a NOT DONE condition indicates that the forward/reverse operator 88 should be accessed. The forward reverse operator 88 indicates how many positions to go forwards or backwards before reading the next unit of the tag. The forward reverse operator can be implemented as a number that can take positive or negative values indicating how many bytes (or other units of reading the tag) to skip and in what direction.

In one embodiment, the entry 78 also includes a next table location indicator 90 identifying the next state table of the state table tree to index into using the next byte of tag read.

A simplified flow diagram for parsing a tag using the state table tree is now described with reference to FIG. 11. First, the initial (root) state table node of the tree is selected in block 1102, and the initial byte of the tag being parsed is selected in block 1104. Then, the selected state table is indexed into using the selected byte in block 1106, as described above.

In block 1108, a decision is made as to whether the indexed state table entry is indicating an exit. If yes, then, in block 1110, the decision reached is indicated. For example, a decision may be “Rule 2 hit,” or “Global Miss.” If an exit is not indicated, i.e., if rule parsing is not finished, then, in block 1112, the next state table node of the state table tree is selected, e.g., as indicated by the indexed entry.

In block 1114, the next byte of the tag is read. This could include performing a forward or backward skip, if one is indicated by the indexed entry, or it may include sequentially inputting the next byte if no jump is required. Then, the processing proceeds again from block 1106, using the newly selected state table and tag byte as inputs.

General Matters

In several embodiments, the capture system 22 has been described above as a stand-alone device. However, the capture system of the present invention can be implemented on any appliance capable of capturing and analyzing data from a network. For example, the capture system 22 described above could be implemented on one or more of the servers 14 or clients 16 shown in FIG. 1. The capture system 22 can interface with the network 10 in any number of ways, including wirelessly.

In one embodiment, the capture system 22 is an appliance constructed using commonly available computing equipment and storage systems capable of supporting the software requirements. In one embodiment, illustrated by FIG. 6, the hardware consists of a capture entity 46, a processing complex 48 made up of one or more processors, a memory complex 50 made up of one or more memory elements such as RAM and ROM, and storage complex 52, such as a set of one or more hard drives or other digital or analog storage means. In another embodiment, the storage complex 52 is external to the capture system 22, as explained above. In one embodiment, the memory complex stored software consisting of an operating system for the capture system device 22, a capture program, and classification program, a database, a filestore, an analysis engine and a graphical user interface.

Thus, a capture system, a rule parser, and a rule compiler have been described. The above-described rule parser and rule compiler can be implemented outside of a capture system, and can be used for any rule parsing or pattern recognition. The capture filter implementation described above is only one embodiment of the present invention.

In the forgoing description, various specific values were given names, such as “tag,” and various specific modules, such as the “rule compiler” and “capture filter” have been described. However, these names are merely to describe and illustrate various aspects of the present invention, and in no way limit the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, various modules, such as the rule compiler 64 and the rule parser 62 in FIG. 7, can be implemented as software or hardware modules, or without dividing their functionalities into modules at all. The present invention is not limited to any modular architecture either in software or in hardware, whether described above or not. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory machine-readable medium having stored thereon data representing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: constructing a state table chain for each capture rule of a plurality of capture rules used to determine whether intercepted objects are to be stored; generating a state table tree using the plurality of state table chains; intercepting packets being transmitted on a network, the packets associated with a flow that includes a particular intercepted object; and parsing the plurality of capture rules by traversing the state table tree using a tag that comprises a data structure containing meta-data associated with the particular intercepted object, wherein the particular intercepted object is stored in response to traversing the state table tree using the tag and matching the tag to a capture rule of the plurality of capture rules in the state table tree.
 2. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: receiving at least one capture rule of the plurality of capture rules from a user via a user interface.
 3. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the generating the state table tree comprises combining the plurality of state table chains to a configured tradeoff level, the tradeoff level indicating a tradeoff between memory usage and editing speed for the state table tree.
 4. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: editing the state table tree by re-generating the state table tree in response to receiving an edited version of one of the plurality of capture rules.
 5. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the parsing comprises: selecting a unit of the tag; indexing into a state table using the selected unit; determining whether a decision regarding the tag can be reached based on the indexed entry; and selecting a next state table indicated by the indexed entry if the decision regarding the tag cannot be reached.
 6. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the plurality of capture rules are applied to the tag during a single traversal of the state table tree.
 7. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the state table tree is a data structure in the form of a tree with nodes, wherein the nodes include state tables indicating a state of the parsing.
 8. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the capture rule is associated with storing objects.
 9. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 8, wherein the capture rule has precedence over other capture rules of the plurality of capture rules that are matched to the tag when the state table tree is traversed.
 10. A capture device, comprising: a rule compiler configured to generate a state table tree from a plurality of capture rules used to determine whether intercepted objects are to be stored; a capture module for capturing packets being transmitted on a network, wherein the packets are associated with a flow that includes a particular intercepted object; and a rule parser configured to parse the plurality of capture rules by traversing the state table tree using a tag that comprises a data structure containing meta-data associated with the particular intercepted object, wherein the particular intercepted object is stored in response to traversing the state table tree using the tag and matching the tag to a capture rule of the plurality of capture rules in the state table tree.
 11. The capture device of claim 10, further comprising a capture filter configured to: receive a decision regarding the tag after the plurality of capture rules are parsed; and determine whether to store the particular intercepted object based on the decision.
 12. The capture device of claim 10, further comprising an object store module to store the particular intercepted object and the tag.
 13. The capture device of claim 12, wherein the object store module comprises a canonical content store to store the particular intercepted object and a tag database to store the tag.
 14. The capture device of claim 10, further comprising: a user interface configured to allow a user to edit one or more of the plurality of capture rules, delete one or more of the plurality of capture rules, and insert one or more new capture rules, wherein the rule compiler is configured to edit the state table tree in response to the user editing, deleting, or inserting any capture rule.
 15. The capture device of claim 10, wherein the rule compiler is configured to generate the state table tree by constructing a state table chain corresponding to each capture rule and by combining at least a part of each state table chain.
 16. A method comprising: constructing a state table chain for each capture rule of a plurality of capture rules used to determine whether intercepted objects are to be stored; generating a state table tree using the plurality of state table chains; intercepting packets being transmitted on a network, the packets associated with a flow that includes a particular intercepted object; and parsing the plurality of capture rules by traversing the state table tree using a tag that comprises a data structure containing meta-data associated with the particular intercepted object, wherein the particular intercepted object is stored in response to traversing the state table tree using the tag and matching the tag to a capture rule of the plurality of capture rules in the state table tree.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: receiving at least one capture rule of the plurality of capture rules from a user via a user interface.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the plurality of capture rules are applied to the tag during a single traversal of the state table tree.
 19. The method of claim 16, further comprising: receiving an edited version of one of the plurality of capture rules; and editing the state table tree without decompiling or recompiling the state table tree if the edited version affects only a leaf node of the state table tree.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising editing the state table tree by re-generating the state table tree in response to receiving an edited version of one of the plurality of capture rules.
 21. An apparatus, comprising: a rule compiler configured to generate a state table tree from a plurality of capture rules used to determine whether objects are to be stored; and a rule parser configured to parse the plurality of capture rules to determine whether to store a particular object included in a flow that includes the objects, wherein the flow is associated with packets being transmitted on a network, wherein the rule parser is configured to parse the plurality of capture rules by traversing the state table tree using a tag containing meta-data associated with the particular object, and wherein the particular object is stored in response to traversing the state table tree using the tag and matching the tag to a capture rule of the plurality of capture rules in the state table tree.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a user interface configured to allow a user to author at least one capture rule of the plurality of capture rules.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the user interface is configured to allow a user to edit one or more of the plurality of capture rules, delete one or more of the plurality of capture rules, and insert one or more new capture rules, wherein the rule compiler is configured to edit the state table tree in response to the user editing, deleting, or inserting any capture rule.
 24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the rule compiler is configured to: translate each capture rule of the plurality of capture rules into a state table chain; and compress the plurality of state table chains to generate the state table tree.
 25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the packets are captured by a capture device, and wherein the apparatus and the capture device are separate devices. 